ОБЗОР 5- ГМФ СИНТЕЗА: КАТАЛИЗ И ТЕХНОЛОГИИ
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5-Гидроксиметилфурфурол (5-ГМФ) признан ключевой платформенной молекулой в биоэкономике, служащей предшественником для производства биотоплива (2,5-диметилфурана, 5-этоксиметилфурфурилового эфира), биополимеров (2,5-фурандикарбоновой кислоты) и фармацевтических промежуточных продуктов. В данном обзоре систематизированы современные подходы к синтезу 5-ГМФ из углеводного сырья различной сложности - от моносахаридов (фруктозы, глюкозы) до целлюлозы и лигноцеллюлозной биомассы (рисовой соломы). Подробно проанализированы каталитические системы (однородные кислоты, ионные жидкости, гетерогенные катализаторы, включая функционализованный силикагель SiO2-Imi-SO3H и сульфатированный цеолит HSO3-ZSM-5), эффекты растворителей (диметилсульфоксид, двухфазные системы воды/органических растворителей, включая дихлорметан/тетрагидрофуран), методы интенсификации процессов (ультразвук, микроволны) и стратегии подавления побочных реакций. Обсуждаются основные пути химического превращения 5-ГМФ, а также технико-экономические и экологические аспекты производства на основе оценки жизненного цикла (ОСЦ) и библиометрического анализа. Определены ключевые проблемы (стоимость катализатора и сепарации, стабильность) и перспективные направления исследований (низкозатратные бифункциональные катализаторы, глубинные эвтектические растворители, интеграция процессов, электрохимические методы, использование непищевой биомассы).
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