HIGH-TEMPERATURE HYDROGEN ATTACK (HTHA) IN CARBON STEELS, MICROSTRUCTURAL DEGRADATION, DAMAGE MECHANISM, AND TECHNOLOGICAL PREVENTION METHODS
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Abstract
High-Temperature Hydrogen Attack (HTHA) is a critical degradation phenomenon that significantly reduces the service life of carbon and low-alloy steels widely used in the oil and gas, chemical, and power industries. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the HTHA mechanism, susceptible materials, microstructural changes, and its occurrence in welds and heat-affected zones. Based on international standards such as ASME RP 941, API RP 571, and others, safe operating limits, material selection strategies, and the effectiveness of modern non-destructive examination (NDE) methods are discussed. The study also examines the role of alloying elements, the application of post-weld heat treatment (PWHT), and cladding technologies in improving metallurgical compatibility. The findings have been used to develop practical recommendations for early detection and prevention of HTHA in industrial equipment.
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